Sunday 6 September 2015

100% Cheap Essay Writing Service

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We provide cheap custom papers from different study fields. Our inexpensive writers are always dedicated to address the needs of thousands of students all over the world who depend on us when in need of a low-cost essay writing company. Most of our essay writers providing ways to buy cheap essay have been in the writing field for a number of years and thus they understand the customers' needs and fears. Our best essay writing service writers are not only experienced but professional. After recruitment, these writers are then keenly trained about the importance of creativity in writing and given tips on how they can avoid falling into the trap of plagiarism. try Super Papers | College Essays, Dissertations, Thesis Writing & Editing Services

Saturday 8 August 2015

Finding a Dissertation Writing Service

 choosing a dissertation writing service
Finding a dissertation writing service is a huge task. Once you know that you want to go this route, it is time to decide which service you want to hire. This is a big decision because depending on the writer that you choose, you could end up with an amazingly written dissertation or an only okay one. You have to make sure you check out every angle you can about the dissertation writing service you choose to work with. Not all dissertation writing services are created equally, and it is so important to do your research about each one before you make a decision that will end up greatly impacting your educational journey, whether for good or for bad.
Now, whether you have a recommendation from a friend or not, it is still a good idea to search for these qualities in the service:

  • It needs to offer 24/7 customer support that replies promptly and politely to every question. This is a must for any business, but particularly for an online business such as this type of writing service.
  • Email delivery for the finished dissertation
  • The ability to meet even very tight deadlines
  • Chance to choose your own writer from any of the writers on the website (you should be looking at their credentials for dissertation writing help experience)
  • Make sure the service writers are native English speakers
  • Free revisions are included with the original price. This is important because you need to be watching the writer and making sure they are following your guidelines, but if they are confused or you are unsatisfied with part of the dissertation, you can ask them to edit it without paying for a separate edit.
  • Ability to communicate with the writer about dissertations online during the time period that they are working on and writing your dissertation.
  • The dissertations should all be unique, original and written from scratch. Always check if they have a plagiarism policy and that they only give out custom dissertations to their customers.

Sunday 19 July 2015

Writing an Essay? Here Are 10 Effective Tips

Image result for essay helpHonestly, throughout most of high school and college, I was a mediocre essay writer.
Every once in a while, I would write a really good essay, but mostly I skated by with B’s and A-minuses.
I know personally how boring writing an essay can be, and also, how hard it can be to write a good one.

However, toward the end of my time as a student, I made a breakthrough. I figured out how to not only write a great essay, I learned how to have fun while doing it.
That’s right. Fun.

Why Writing an Essay Is So Hard?

Here are a few reasons:
  • You’d rather be scrolling through Facebook.
  • You’re trying to write something your teacher or professor will like.
  • You’re trying to get an A instead of writing something that’s actually good.
  • You want to do the least amount of work possible.
The biggest reason writing an essay is so hard is because we mostly focus on those external rewards like getting a passing grade or our teacher’s approval. The problem is that when you focus on external approval it not only makes writing much less fun, it also makes it significantly harder.
Why?
Because when you focus on external approval, you shut down your subconscious, and the subconscious is the source of your creativity. What this means practically is that when you’re trying to write that perfect, A-plus-worthy sentence, you’re turning off most of your best resources.
Just stop. Stop trying to write a good essay (or even a “good-enough” essay). Instead, write an interesting essay, write an essay you think is fascinating. And when you’re finished, go back and edit it until it’s “good” according to your teacher’s standards.
Yes, you need to follow the guidelines in your assignment. If your teacher tells you to write a five-paragraph essay, then write a five-paragraph essay! However, within those guidelines, find room to express something that is uniquely you.
I can’t guarantee you’ll get a higher grade (although, you almost certainly will), but I can absolutely promise you’ll have a lot more fun writing.

10 Tips to Writing a Great Essay

Ready to get writing? Here are my ten best tips for having fun while writing an essay that earns you the top grade!

1. Your essay is just a story.

Every story is about conflict and change, and the truth is that essays are about conflict and change, too! The difference is that in an essay, the conflict is between different ideas, the change is in the way we should perceive those ideas.
That means that the best essays are about surprise, “You probably think it’s one way, but in reality, you should think of it this other way.” See tip #3 for more on this.

2. Before you start writing, ask yourself, “How can I have the most fun writing this?”

It’s normal to feel unmotivated when writing an essay. I’m a writer, and honestly, I feel unmotivated to write all the time. But I have a super-ninja, judo-mind trick I like to use to help motivate myself.
Here’s the secret trick: One of the interesting things about your subconscious is that it will answer any question you ask yourself. So whenever you feel unmotivated to write your essay, ask yourself the following question:
How much fun can I have writing this?”
Your subconscious will immediately start thinking of strategies to make the writing process more fun. Here’s another sneaky question to ask yourself when you really don’t want to write:
How can I finish this as quickly as possible?
Give it a try!

3. As you research, ask yourself, “What surprises me about this subject?”

The temptation, when you’re writing an essay, is to write what you think your teacher or professor wants to read. Don’t do this. Instead, ask yourself, “What do I find interesting about this subject? What surprises me?”
If you can’t think of anything that surprises you, anything you find interesting, then you’re not searching well enough, because history, science, and literature are all brimming over with surprises. When you look at how great ideas actually happen, the story is always, “We used to think the world was this way. We found out we were completely wrong, and that the world is actually quite different from what we thought.”
As you research your essay topic, search for this story of surprise, and don’t start writing until you can find it.
(By the way, what sources should you use for research? Check out tip #10 below.)

4. Overwhelmed? Just write five original sentences.

The standard three-point essay is really made up of just five original sentences, surrounded by supporting paragraphs that back up those five sentences. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, just write five sentences. Here’s what they might look like:
  • Thesis: While most students consider writing an essay a boring task, with the right mindset, it can actually be an enjoyable experience.
  • Body #1: Most students think writing an essay is tedious because they focus on external rewards.
  • Body #2: Students should instead focus on internal fulfillment when writing an essay.
  • Body #3: Not only will focusing on internal fulfillment allow students to have more fun, they will write better essays.
  • Conclusion: Writing an essay doesn’t have to be simply a way to earn a good grade. Instead, it can be a means of finding fulfillment.
After you write your five sentences, it’s easy to fill in the paragraphs they will find themselves in.
Now, you give it a shot!

5. Be “source heavy.”

In college, I discovered a trick that helped me go from a B-average student to an A-student, but before I explain how it works, let me warn you. This technique is powerful, but it might not work for all teachers or professors. Use with caution.
As I was writing a paper for a literature class, I realized that the articles and books I was reading said what I was trying to say much better than I ever could. So what did I do? I just quoted them liberally throughout my paper. When I wasn’t quoting, I re-phrased what they said in my own words, giving proper credit, of course. I found that not only did this formula create a well-written essay, it took about half the time to write.
When I used this technique, my professors sometimes mentioned that my papers were very “source” heavy. However, at the same time, they always gave me A’s. Like the five sentence trick, this technique makes the writing process simpler. Instead of putting the main focus on writing well, it instead forces you to research well, which some students find easier.

6. Write the body first, the introduction second, and the conclusion last.

Introductions are often the hardest part to write because you’re trying to summarize your entire essay before you’ve even written it yet. Instead, try writing your introduction last, giving yourself the body of the paper to figure out the main point of your essay.

7. Most essays answer the question, “What?” Good essays answer the “Why?” The best essays answer the “How?”

If you get stuck trying to make your argument, or you’re struggling to reach the required word count, try focusing on the question, “How?” For example:
  • How did J.D. Salinger convey the theme of inauthenticity in The Catcher In the Rye?
  • How did Napoleon restore stability in France after the French Revolution?
  • How does the research prove girls really do rule and boys really do drool?
If you focus on how, you’ll always have enough to write about.

8. Don’t be afraid to jump around.

Essay writing can be a dance. You don’t have to stay in one place and write from beginning to end. Give yourself the freedom to write as if you’re circling around your topic rather than making a single, straightforward argument. Then, when you edit, you can make sure everything lines up correctly.

9. Here are some words and phrases you don’t want to use.

  • You (You’ll notice I use a lot of you’s, which is great for a blog post. However, in an essay, it’s better to omit the second-person.)
  • Clichés
  • Some
  • That
  • Things
  • To Be verbs
Don’t have time to edit? Here’s a lightning-quick editing technique.
A note about “I”: Some teachers say you shouldn’t use “I” statements in your writing, but the truth is that professional, academic papers often use phrases like “I believe” and “in my opinion,” especially in their introductions.

10. It’s okay to use Wikipedia, if…

Wikipedia isn’t just one of the top 5 websites in the world, it can be a great tool for research. However, most teachers and professors don’t consider Wikipedia a valid source for use in essays. However, here are two ways you can use Wikipedia in your essay writing:
  • Background research. If you don’t know enough about your topic, Wikipedia can be a great resource to quickly learn everything you need to know to get started.
  • Find sources. Check the reference section of Wikipedia’s articles on your topic. While you may not be able to cite Wikipedia itself, you can often find those original sources and site them.

In Conclusion…

The thing I regret  most about high school and college is that I treated it like something I had to do rather than something I wanted to do.
The truth is, education is an opportunity many people in the world don’t have access to. It’s a gift, not just something that makes your life more difficult. I don’t want you to make the mistake of just “getting by” through school, waiting desperately for summer breaks and, eventually, graduation.
How would your life be better if you actively enjoyed writing an essay? What would school look like if you wanted to suck it dry of all the gifts it has to give you?
All I’m saying is, don’t miss out! but if still need help try 
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Friday 10 July 2015

Cheap essays

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When we started our business, our main goal was to provide the best help in writing academic paper and to become a leader among the custom writing services today. We are here not just because of the money, but because we want to make your life better for the cheap cost of the decent delivered products. We deliver the highest quality papers but for the reasonable prices. Why do you have to pay more for that same service if you could choose the and get your paper at $12.49 per page!
Once we started our business, our mail goal was to provide the best help in writing academic paper and to become a leader among the custom writing services today. We are here not just because of the money, but because we want to make your life better for the cheap cost of the decent delivered products. We deliver the highest quality papers but for the reasonable prices. Why do you have to pay more for that same service if you could choose the and get your essay.
A Cheap writing service does not mean a bad writing service. Our prices correspond to the cheap level but we still deliver a good quality papers. cares about the plagiarism detected in the order (we check each completed order for plagiarism before it is delivered to the customer), we also care for the paper to be written only according to your original instructions and details. If you have any materials to supply the writer with, you are welcome to send it to our e-mail address or simply upload it as a separate file from your order page. You are free to communicate with the writer in case there are any suggestions regarding the work.
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Tuesday 7 July 2015

Cheap essays with quality - $12.49 per page

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There are several essay writing services which charge quite a lot per page and a dissertation or a research paper can cost the amount of a used car. However there are services which do not charge that much and offer much better quality. There are writing services which charge $20 per page and the page is only 250 or 275 words worth. Now if you do the maths and if you have a 7000 words paper due which is quite normal in the final years then you paper would cost around $520 - $560 however if you get your paper done from http://www.superpapers.comli.com/ then your cost for the above order would only be $291. Superpapers offers 300 words per page at $12.49 per page, so you save almost half

Tuesday 19 May 2015

What should you pay for your essay? What's a good price?


Essays writing services charge  all the way up to $30.00 per page  for an assignment due in a matter of couple days. These services take undue advantage of the poor students dilemma and precarious situation and  mint money. 

Students for the most part are unaware that there are services available which are reasonable and charge much less than $30.00 per page, which can cost them thousands for just one assignment. SuperPapers Superpapers is a reliable service since 2010 for all types of essays including thesis and dissertation.


Stop Paying more for your essay: Do not pay $20 per page!



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Paying $19.95 for a 250 - 275 word page is ridiculous, simply ridiculous !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Saturday 7 February 2015

Your Free specific dissertation/thesis outline & Introduction page by senior writer Riley between February 8 - 17.



                                                                    Attention Students!
Smiling
This is to inform all students of all levels, Bachelors, Masters, Doctoral of all disciplines (majors) to get their free assignment outline and introduction page(250 original words written ) by Senior writer and quality controller J Riley at Super Papers, Please use the contact page for all your queries.
Note: What students will be provided with is a specific outline regarding their specific topic and an original 250 word introduction. Please feel free to use the contact form at
http://www.superpapers.comli.com/contact.html
The above promotion is a new feature which will be provided as a promotion for Spring and following semesters, twice a year so that students can get a feel of real professional academic writing.

Friday 6 February 2015

Get that MBA Degree with a Higher Grade

Divide your academic time into two halves
1. The first one deals with exams quiz and class participation
2. The second one (which will really drain your time) is assignment writing. The research and writing part will take a lot of your time and if you have a full load in a semester than chances are your grade may suffer. Use a reliable writing service

Thursday 5 February 2015

Fighting Invisible Tigers: A Stress Management Guide for Teens

Fighting Invisible Tigers is an interesting stress guide for teens, which uses quizzes, drawings, graphs, quotes, and scientific work to show you how to reduce stress in your life. I recommend this book to anyone having trouble with stress, or basically life in general. The author, Earl Hipp, is a well-known psychologist, who has B.A. in psychology and a Master's Degree in Psychophysiology. There are three parts of the book and together they intertwine how to feel better about your self, how to see yourself in a different light, and how to fight off "invisible tigers," his analogy for stress.
The first part of the book is called "Life in the Jungle" and humorously informs you about the "fight-or-flight response," a typical symptom of stress, and what can be done about it. There are included quotes from teenagers and researchers that inform you about what may be stress in your life and how to begin to fight it off. The book then contains information about distraction, avoidance, procrastination, illness, sleep, and escape, the common teenage methods for dealing with stress. The book discusses the pros and cons of these ways of dealing with stress and whether they should be tried or avoided.
The second part of the book is aptly named "Self-Care for Tiger Bites," and involves quizzes and quotes to inform you on how to effectively treat stress in your life. This is the shortest part of the book, but tells you many important things. This part mainly answers the question of "What to do when you can't cope"? and is highly informative and useful for finding effective ways of curing "tiger bites", the analogy for stress catching up with you.
The third and final part of this book in the largest and, in my opinion, the most practical. It mixes up breathing exercises with the importance of laughter and discusses relationships. The title for this part is "Life Skills" and tells you what methods to use in the real world for dealing with stress. A large part discusses relationships and helps you rate your relationships with your friends on a scale. There are many quizzes to let you know if you are affected with stress or if you are a perfectionist. If I had to read only one part of this book, this is the one I would pick.This book is a good resource for dealing with stress, and I recommend it to all teens. The quizzes are useful and fun, and the breathing exercise is a good thing to know, instead of the childish "counting to ten" method. The only problem I have with this book is the fact that is in an "easy-to-read" style and contains few paragraphs, preferring cartoons and bullet points. Despite this flaw (in my opinion), this is a wonderful guide and is a nice thing to have around as a gifted teen.
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Writing and submitting your doctoral thesis

 

Doctoral thesis format
The conventions governing the doctoral thesis format depend on the country or even institution you are doing your doctorate in. In some countries, you will be expected to publish a series of research articles and reviews in peer-reviewed journals and then write an introduction to tie them together to form the thesis. In other countries, including the UK, the thesis is commonly a stand-alone piece of writing, with an introduction, several results chapters and a closing discussion.
By reading and analyzing thesis by other researchers in your department or institution, you can get an idea of the format expected of you.
Writing your doctoral thesis

The prospect of sitting down to write your thesis can be intimidating. Your supervisor should support you by reading drafts, providing feedback and helping you to judge appropriate style and level. You can expect them to read your whole thesis, probably more than once, but make sure to get someone else to proofread it as your supervisor is most likely to be concentrating on the technical detail.
This section offers specific advice and tips on the process of writing a thesis.

Getting started and analyzing a thesis
Writing as you go
Structuring your thesis
Knowing when it is finished
Writing up when you have moved on
Your institution will have specific regulations governing the format of your thesis, including word limits and formatting. There will be stipulations on how many copies you need to submit and how they need to be bound. Make sure you know what these are in advance and before submitting check again that your thesis adheres to the required guidelines.
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The key to a successful PhD thesis? Write in your own voice


 


In the last couple of months of completing my law thesis I found myself struggling to put things into the simplest terms. All the ideas I had been researching and writing about were coming together like the pieces of a puzzle, but I kept wanting to re-explain everything in great detail in every chapter, and sometimes even within a chapter. The word count was growing every day, but my arguments and conclusions weren’t necessarily getting any clearer.
I asked a colleague to look at one chapter in particular for me, and the feedback she gave me was gold: write in your own voice.
I was writing from fear
There is a tension inherent in writing a PhD. On the one hand, it is an examination of your ability to undertake research independently, and write as an academic. On the other, you have to show you have read all the literature in your field, and can cite the most authoritative scholars. The temptation was to spend a lot of words proving that I knew my stuff, that I could rehearse the arguments of those authoritative scholars. But in fact I was writing from fear: a fear of needing to back up every claim and argument with the voice of a well-known scholar – or preferably several. If someone had said it before, then it was safe to say it myself.
But what I was creating was more like an extensive, impressive research report, rather than a thesis of my own.
The word “thesis” comes from the Greek tithenai, which literally means “to place” or “to position”: my thesis is my position, my point of view, my stance on a certain issue. If I am not able to convey what that is in my writing, then I am no longer writing my own thesis, I am writing the theses of the giants who have gone before me without adding anything to them.
Confidence is essential

Particularly in fields such as law, the humanities and some of the social sciences, where research is not necessarily a matter of gathering data or conducting experiments, but rather of gathering positions, and conducting thought experiments, it can be harder to make a distinction between our use of existing knowledge and our own original contribution that builds on that knowledge.
Without sufficient research or evidence, the claims and arguments we make may come across as naïve or ill-founded. Yet without the confidence to step out beyond the safety of endless footnotes and the words and voices of big-name scholars, we risk not reaching the level of academic independence that doing a PhD requires of us.
The great challenge in the final phase of a project that has consumed my thinking for the past few years is: how do I find my own voice in all of it? How do I find the academic self-confidence to really give a voice to my own thesis, my own position and stance? And indeed, how did the giants of my field become the authoritative voices that we all cite? By developing their own voice.
To defend our claims, we have to find our own voice

Somehow translating this to my own academic writing proved to be just as much of a challenge. The moment at which we are asked to defend our thesis in front of a committee of professors, to defend our arguments and claims, is the moment at which we literally must find our voice and express it confidently. The award of the doctorate degree, and the title Dr, is a symbolic recognition of our full membership in the academic community. In order to rise to that challenge, it is necessary to find your voice in your writing, to formulate your own position, your own thesis, which you are capable of – and confident in – defending.
My colleague had given me the key to a door that opened before me in the last throes of writing and editing. These final weeks have become really enjoyable, even with the pressure of the final deadline getting closer and closer, because I have given myself full permission to articulate my own thesis, my own position, my own voice. And the final result is a manuscript that is truly mine, and a piece I feel worthy of submitting as I ask for admission into the academic community as a fully-fledged, independent member. A member who has a voice of her own.
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Tuesday 3 February 2015

where to find a reliable essay writer?

This a question that comes several times in a students mind during his or her's days at the university. The best answer to this question is its very very difficult to find one. However the best solution is if you can find someone from a reference and then actually meet this person and transfer your requirements. But this would asking too much. However there are honest and dedicated writers who do academic writing for a living and have become experts but as I said earlier they are very few and hard to find
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Dissertation Research Writing and Outsourcing Essential Pre Requisites

Dissertation Research Writing

Dissertation Research Writing: Keep Sections In A Logical Order
Are you in the process of writing a dissertation research paper? Are you struggling with keeping all of the sections in order? Do you wish there were an easy way to reference what section goes where? There are a couple of ways to best figure out how to keep your sections in order. Your professor or advisor should have provided you with a detailed list of instructions on how to compose your dissertation step by step. However, the wordy instructions manuals are not the best way for every student to understand instructions. If you are a more visual learner, then you might benefit more from seeing an example. There are tons of examples that you can look up online; however, the online examples are not always the more reputable sources of templates. You can always ask your professor or advisor for a template or example; however, they might not always supply you with one. This is for a doctoral program and he or she might feel as though it is your responsibility to find your own example.
If this is the case, you can always turn to a professional writing organization to obtain a legitimate example of a well-written dissertation. There are easy ways to distinguish a scammer company from a reputable company in regards to online writing services. You will be looking for companies that offer the following:
 f this is the case, you can always turn to a professional writing organization to obtain a legitimate example of a well-written dissertation. There are easy ways to distinguish a scammer company from a reputable company in regards to online writing services. You will be looking for companies that offer the following:
The company should affirm that the writers are definitely native English speaking writers
You should have access to customer service all the time during your project
You will have access to contact your writer directly via email
You will be guaranteed that the work provided to you is completely original
You will be promised to meet any deadline
There will be free revisions of each individual project until you are satisfied with the results
These are just a few of the minimum requirements that a reputable organization will offer. If you are a student who is struggling with keeping your dissertation sections in order, you can always obtain a legit example from an online writing services organization. Furthermore, you can even send your paper in and have a professional format and proofread your paper if you would really like to. This can all be accomplished for a reasonable price. The cost of these services is well worth it when you are able to turn in a properly formatted dissertation at the end of the project!
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Plagiarism checkers

 
My advice is stay away from them as they will record your text and when your supervisor or prof. runs a check it will show as all of it as plagiarized.
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Monday 2 February 2015

Who Should use an essay writing service?

Who Should use an essay writing service?

Its simple! those who are enrolled almost as full time students and work at the same time they don't have time for writing world class papers, instead of getting a bad grade they should hire a writer. And there is one more category... and that is foreign students, they also need help with world class papers.
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Free Masters/PHD Dissertation template free

 

Free Masters/PHD Dissertation template free

The only PhD Thesis/Masters Dissertation template for Microsoft Word you will ever need
As I start to move into the writing up stage of my thesis, I have started to focus on the structure and layout of the final document. I’ve been particularly keen to minimise the amount of formatting and editing I have to do by automating as much of the process as possible. I also want my thesis to look professional, and not just another generic Word document. I know many scientists swear by LaTeX but I’ve always disliked writing in mark-up and to be perfectly honest I can be bothered to learn how to use it, especially when I am so familiar with Word.
I spent some time looking for a good thesis or dissertation template. While many universities produce one; they where all incomplete in therms of automated functionality or ugly. Kayla Friedman and I have spend several months working out what makes a good looking thesis or dissertation and how to make it in Microsoft Word. The template we have created is an excellent starting point for any PhD Thesis or Masters Dissertation and is easy to use. Its free for anybody to use, although an acknowledgement to Kayla and myself is appreciated.
If you are using the template please leave a comment below, we know that hundreds of people a month download the template, and we would like to hear feedback.
Template Download
The Template is in two forms a normal DOCX document which includes useful help information and a DOTX Word Template which can be applied to new and existing word documents.

DOCX Format Plain Word Document

DOTX Format Word Template

Microsoft Office Theme File
– This contains additional font & colour information and can be used to style Excel and PowerPoint content in the same style as your Thesis/Dissertation.
Power Point on Advanced Word Features

Thesis Bootcamp: 0-10,000 in 48 hours

 

Thesis Bootcamp: 0-10,000 in 48 hours

Sometimes it feels impossible to wade through all the email that floods in to your inbox everyday; the journal alerts, department emails, university emails, human resources updates etc., etc. I’m sure a lot of you, like myself, hit delete before reading half of them. Well a couple of months ago, as I hunched over my desk, glaring at the empty screen wondering why I couldn’t will Chapter 4 of my thesis to write itself, an email appeared advertising a THESIS BOOTCAMP being put on by the wonderful folks at the Research Skills Training Unit. If I’m honest I was probably procrastinating and reading anything that meant I could put off writing.
However…participating in the Thesis Bootcamp was a pivotal moment in my PhD. Perhaps THE moment when I realised I was actually going to finish. I will always remember looking up at the end of that weekend to see that the light at the end of the tunnel had gone from a faint glow, to one burning so bright it singed my eyebrows. I have always admitted to writing very slowly. If I manage 500 decent words in a day then I am ecstatic, but in truth it’s usually less. During the bootcamp, between 5pm on Friday and 7pm on Sunday I typed over 10,000 words, going from 500 words a day to 500 words an hour. And that was the average of the 24 participants. Several people wrote over 20,000 words. So how did we do it?
Thesis Bootcamp is modelled after a very successful workshop, of the same name, run out of Melbourne University. When we assembled on Friday evening we were given a few key pieces of information by Liam (who had flown in from Melbourne Uni) and the indomitable Inger Mewburn (a.k.a The Thesis Whisperer). Firstly, Liam stated that producing academic prose requires (an awful lot of) THINKING, and then WRITING, then there is the EDITING and finally the POLISHING before we start the process again. The difference between seasoned academics and students, and I am putting my hand way up here, is that students go through the four step process for every….single…sentence. Then if you are me you do it for the paragraph, the page, the section etc., etc., which is incredibly slow. And so, we were told not to think *, no editing and absolutely no polishing.
“Give your self permission to write a shitty first draft and just get the words on the page”
Inger followed with her own story of trying to complete her thesis. One weekend, she went to her mother in-law’s, handed over her small child, and locked herself in the study. Her mother in-law fed her, watered her, cleaned up after her and made sure she got enough rest, and in this nurturing environment she produced 15,000 words.
“This weekend, you are to view me as your mother in-law”
And what a mother in-law! There was catering (breakfast, lunch and dinner) and cleaners so no dishes. There was an endless supply of coffee tea, chocolates and biscuits. There was the ‘physiotherapy’ room where bootcampers could discuss the roadblocks that were stalling their submission; either practical or emotional. There was a mattress if you needed a nap. We did yoga on Saturday afternoon and popped into a gallery on Sunday. We were awarded squishy blocks for every 5,000 words we completed and we strived to obtain them together. All the participants really wanted, and perhaps needed, to be there. We were supportive of one another, we learned of other people’s disciplines, and of their struggles, but perhaps most importantly, we didn’t feel alone. And the words flowed.
I’ve been agonising over this one chapter for so long. It combines two sites, the oceanography is notroiusly complex, and instead of committing to anything I just keep reading. But over that weekend I wrote what ever came to mind, which ws a lot, because I keep reading…. And yes, it needs editing and yes, there are pieces to fill in, but I WROTE THE WHOLE CHAPTER: introduction, results and discussion. I have brought my submission date forward by months, I believe, if I really put my mind to it I can submit in 6-8 weeks. And that is on top of giving a lecture at a workshop I’ve never given before, presenting at a conference and putting in several applications. My thesis no longer rules me. I rule my thesis. If I could have stood on my chair while writing those words I would have.recommended essay writing service

PHD Essay Writers?

 

PHD Essay Writers?

Do essay writing services really have PHD's as essays writers?
The answer is NO ! NO! NO!
This is just a luring tactic. stay away from such fraud companies that advertise PHD's as essay writers
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Do not procrastinate, write your essay now or outsource it

 

Do not procrastinate, write your essay now or outsource it

Keep delaying your essay writing and Bingo! the next thing you know is that the due date just around the corner and you have a 30 page final dissertation due in quantum engineering!!!!! If you are serious in doing it yourself then you have to start months in advance and do it piecemeal. But that's the fallacy, most students believe that they can do it on time...but most cannot because some of us work too! So if you have big assignment due or a short but a difficult one, I can do it for you, as I have been doing for over a decade If you have a question or query contact right away

I need an essay writer.....

 

I need an essay writer.....

Read this story below
"A colleague tells the following story. A student in an undergraduate course recently submitted a truly first-rate term paper. In form, it was extremely well crafted, exhibiting a level of writing far beyond the typical undergraduate. In substance, it did a superb job of analyzing the text and offered a number of trenchant insights. It was clearly A-level work. There was only one problem: It markedly exceeded the quality of any other assignment the student had submitted all semester"
The instructor suspected foul play. She used several plagiarism-detection programs to determine if the student had cut and pasted text from another source, but each of these searches turned up nothing. So she decided to confront the student. She asked him point blank, "Did you write this, or did someone else write it for you?" The student immediately confessed. He had purchased the custom-written paper from an online essay-writing service"
Above Sounds like a fake... why?
Because why would the student confess? there was no evidence that it was plagiarized. Thousands of students outsource their assignments to essay writers and get great grades. Working students especially need help and they outsource trheir writing and save tons of time. I can write your essay
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How to Write a Last Minute Essay

 

How to Write a Last Minute Essay

Well frankly speaking there is no such thing. Let me give you a reasonable time frame for an essay, you can do a 5000 - 6000 word essay in 8 - 10 hours if you have written research essays aleast once or twice before.
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Why Students Are Often Stuck With Essay Writing



Why Students Are Often Stuck With Essay Writing

There is no student, who would not meet the problem of writing an essay at least once. During their study, they will have to write different kinds of papers, and there is nothing bad or awful with that. Writing is a perfect way to develop new skills, become more organized, generate new ideas, open students’ mind to new knowledge, develop new habits, etc. When they are good essay writers, it becomes much easier for them to express thoughts, think logical, learn and remember new information. And it is difficult to find a teacher or a professor, who would not like the fact that his student is really good with essay writing.
The problem is, that not all students can be called talented writers. And it is fine, because the world would hardly need tens of Stephen Kings, hundreds of Oscar Wildes, or thousands of Ray Bradburies. When a person’s talent is math analysis for example, it may be difficult for him to write an essay on War and Peace of Leo Tolstoy, but it does not mean he can’t do it really good. The point is to accept the fact you are stuck with essay writing, and think carefully on what you can do with it to change the situation.
What can be the reason of students’ fails with essay writing? Being a student, you definitely met some of these reasons at least. None of them means that you are bad, stupid, or something; just determine your heel of Achilles, and try to do everything to forget about the problem of essay writing.

Wednesday 21 January 2015

7 Common College Topics in Application Essays You Should (Must) Avoid

 
"Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment or experience that is important to you."
In some form or other, this prompt will be on almost every college application this fall, leaving admissions officers inevitably to read hundreds of college essay topics that are far too similar.
So how do you distinguish yourself from the sea of other applicants in your personal statement? It all starts with the right topic that simultaneously shows your ability to write well while painting a picture of who you are in a simple and authentic fashion.
No doubt this is easier said than done.
Before you begin brainstorming, make sure you know which college essay topics to avoid and why. Here are a few of the most common.

1. A service project shows your passion for helping others.
"Many students choose to write about their participation in a community service project or a church mission trip," says Marie Schofer, director of admission at Cornell College. "These are fantastic experiences that are personally meaningful and reflect on your character. The only problem: Regardless of where you traveled or what type of service you performed, the conclusion is always the same. You like to help people. This is great," she explains, "but unfortunately, it won't differentiate you from other applications."
2. Your family's history in a specific profession.
"Being proud of family heritage is a wonderful thing, but expanding on family and the roots the family may have in a specific profession is not helpful in selling [yourself]," says Christopher Hall, associate professor at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington. "Mick Jagger may be a fantastic performer and singer," he adds, "but this does not mean that his children will have the same potential. [You] should discuss personal talents and abilities and not the legacy of talents and abilities of [your] great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers."
3. Overcoming an athletic injury.
As Drew Nichols, director of freshman admission at St. Edward's University, explains, "Most university applicant pools are diverse, and many include prospective students who have overcome substantial hardships such as growing up in poverty, difficult family situations or serious illness. The 'athletic injury' essay often indicates a lack of self-awareness on behalf of the applicant regarding their own privilege. If not being able to play soccer for a semester is the most difficult thing [you have] had to encounter," he says, then it "doesn't serve to demonstrate significant resilience or an understanding of the considerable challenges some of [your] peers have faced."
4. A rundown of a national disaster.
The point of a college essay is to get to know you, which gets lost when current events are the main focus, says Michelle Curtis-Bailey, senior admissions advisor and Educational Opportunity Program coordinator at Stony Brook University. After Hurricane Sandy hit New York in 2012, she says, "Many students in the application cycle wrote about the hurricane, as it occurred in late October, peak college application time. Once again, the message is lost as the whole focus was more like a journal entry recounting what happened in the life of the students and their family without a clear connection to the individual. On a whole, we are aware of the impact that disasters have on the lives of our applicants," she says, but "the full scope of the college essay shouldn't recount those types of experiences."
5. A mission trip helped you to understand the struggles of impoverished youth in the U.S.
"We often get essays which describe wonderful experiences working in impoverished international countries doing such things as building houses, helping community members learn English and so on," says Hall. "But as soon as a connection is made by applicants that this experience can help them understand the plight of inner-city youth of America, or that that they have acquired special skills through these experiences to emotionally connect with impoverished U.S. youth, the power of their service work is diminished." Hall says, "Comparing U.S. inner-city youth and communities to Third World or impoverished countries demonstrates a lack of empathy and understanding of the differences in culture."
6. The sports game highlight reel.
"The game-winning catch or other sports highlight is another popular essay topic," Schofer says. "It is important to understand that the admission counselor reading your essay may not be familiar with your sport and will probably have no emotional attachment to the outcome of the District 5 semi-final game." If you do choose to write about a sports topic, Schofer recommends "an essay that debates the merits of the baseball's infield fly rule or a descriptive essay of your warm-up routine."
7. Talking about your role model.
"The challenge with this topic is that we often see essays written about the parent, grandparent, teacher, or coach," says Curtis-Bailey, adding that "most of these essays are written solely about the 'other person' with no reference to the student." She suggests avoiding this topic if you "are unable to show the connection of how the traits and characteristics of that individual are similar or even a model of tangible action that [you desire to take] or have taken."
"While it might be true that a grandparent has been of great influence to the applicant," Nichols points out that "this essay has been written hundreds of times over. When you're competing against hundreds of other students who have submitted the same answer to the prompt," he says, "it becomes more difficult to make your essay distinctive and to really stand out."
Authenticity matters most.
In all, essay readers want to know about you from your point of view. "Think about what is distinctive about [your] particular story," says Nichols, "and articulate that in an honest and meaningful way."
Don't pretend to be someone you're not simply to impress the readers. As Curtis-Bailey points out, "It's evident in reading many essays when a student is using words not commonly used in day-to-day communication that would often give the impression of a unique vocabulary." There's no need to use complex words and jargon, she says, "when all we want to see is [you], not pull a dictionary to gather the context of the terms used."
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Monday 19 January 2015

Hints for Avoiding Plagiarism

We do not want you to copy text from papers. If you feel it is important to copy the exact sentence(s) used in the original paper, you can put it in quotation marks and cite the original paper. However, this does not require any understanding so it does not get you many marks.

If you copy the text from a paper but do not put it in quotation marks and cite it, that is plagiarism.

To repeat: we want you to copy the ideas (and cite the author of the ideas) but not the words.

We want you to write things in your own words because we want to see if you understand the material. If you use other people's words we can't tell whether you understand the material.

Here are some examples of what you should and should not do. This is part of a paper:

XCS introduced a number of innovations, foremost among them its accuracy-based fitness under which rule fitness is related to its classification accuracy and not the magnitude of the reward it receives as in earlier systems. For lack of space we do not include the details of the XCS updates, but suffice it to say that XCS evaluates the prediction and fitness of each rule. Prediction is, for concept learning tasks such as those we study here, an estimate of the proportion of inputs matched by the rule which belong to the positive class. Prediction is used in conflict resolution, when matching rules perform a weighted vote on the classification of a data point. Accuracy is a measure of the consistency of prediction. Rules with prediction near the maximum or minimum value have high fitness. Higher fitness rules are allocated more reproductive opportunities by the genetic algorithm in XCS, and fitness is also factored into the classification vote.

which we can refer to like this in the bibliography:

[1] T. Kovacs and M. Kerber. High classification accuracy does not imply effective genetic search. To appear in the procedings of GECCO 2004.

If you want to cut-and-paste some exact text from the paper, you should quote and cite it:

Kovacs and Kerber said: ``XCS introduced a number of innovations, foremost among them its accuracy-based fitness under which rule fitness is related to its classification accuracy and not the magnitude of the reward it receives as in earlier systems'' [1] p. 2.

However, as I said you should avoid using quotations in your report. We much prefer you to write things in your own words. For example, it would be ok to write:

XCS made many innovations, of which accuracy-based fitness was the most important [1]. With accuracy-based fitness, a rule's fitness is based on its classification accuracy, not on the magnitude of the reward. XCS evaluates the prediction and fitness of each rule in the system. For concept learning tasks, prediction is an estimate of the proportion of inputs matched by the rule which belong to the positive class.

Notice that although all of the above paragraph is based on the paper we only cite it once, at the end of the first sentence. It is reasonable for the reader to assume that the rest of that paragraph is based on the same cited paper, since the whole paragraph is about the details of the same system.

However, this is not a good paragraph, because it follows the original text very closely and does not show a deep understanding of the subject. It would not get many marks.

It is best to not look at other papers at the time that you are writing your report, unless you need to verify something. In other words, you should read the original papers and make notes on their ideas, and then hide them when you are writing your report. This way, you will copy the ideas (and reference them) but you will not copy the exact text.

If you find you are tempted to copy the words, this may be a sign you may not understand the material very well. (Another reason is that if English is not your first language it can be difficult to say things the way you want to.)

The worst case is to write paragraphs like this:

XCS introduced a number of innovations, foremost among them its accuracy-based fitness under which rule fitness is related to its classification accuracy and not the magnitude of the reward. XCS evaluates the prediction and fitness of each rule. Prediction is an estimate of the proportion of inputs matched by the rule which belong to the positive class. Accuracy is a measure of the consistency of prediction. Higher fitness rules are allocated more reproductive opportunities by the genetic algorithm.

That is just a shorter version of the paragraph in the original paper. You can copy that without understanding very much of the original. So it deserves a low mark. More importantly, we also consider it plagiarism because it is an exact copy of parts of the original and there is no reference or quotation marks. If you write reports by cutting-and-pasting parts of the original papers, the least serious consequence is that you will get 0 marks for the coursework.

So:

• Copy the ideas but not the words.
• Anything that can be cut-and-pasted must be cited.

The discussion above is about what is and what is not plagiarism, and to make the distinction clear I oversimplified the process of presenting ideas when I said "copy the ideas". Although we would like you to present the ideas of others in your own words, the ideal is for you to also critically evaluate them, and to synthesise new ideas, using different sources (perhaps including your own opinions). This shows the greatest depth of understanding.

Admission Essays, Personal Statement, College Admissions

 
I have many other questions that help guide students to write more powerful essays. They include:
  • "If you want a college to accept you and even pay for you to attend, what do the admissions officers need to know about you that separates you from the other applicants?"
  • "What are your top three activities in high school? How does each relate to what you can offer a college?"
  • "If you're going to write about your background or family, can you show who you are now because of them for the majority of the essay?"
  • "Can you tell me a specific story related to one of your experiences that can jumpstart your essay?" 
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Thursday 15 January 2015

PEST (Political, Economical Social and Technological environment) Analysis


The external environment of any organisation / university / faculty / department etc. can be analyzed by conducting a PEST analysis. The acronym PEST (sometimes rearranged as STEP) is used to describe a framework for the analysis a range of macro environmental factors including the Political, Economical Social and Technological environment. A PEST analysis fits into an overall environmental scan including the SWOT analysis and McKinsey’s 7S Model, which is briefly discussed below and also referred to in the document ‘Preparing a SWOT Analysis. For a unit (referring to any area under review be it an academic department, a research unit, an administrative unit or a support service unit), a PEST analysis should relate to:
1. The external environment outside of the unit but within UCC, and
2. The external environment outside of UCC, given the national and international profile of the office
The PEST analysis provides the following simple framework:

Political Factors

Political factors can have a direct impact on the way business operates. Decisions made by government affect the operations of units within the university to a varying degree. Political refers to the big and small ‘p’ political forces and influences that may affect the performance of, or the options open to the unit concerned. The political arena has a huge influence upon the regulation of public and private sector businesses, and the spending power of consumers and other businesses, both within UCC and outside of UCC. Political factors include government regulations and legal issues and define both formal and informal rules under which UCC and units must operate. Depending on its role and function within the university a unit may need to consider issues such as:
• How stable is the internal/external political environment?
• Will government policy influence laws that regulate third level education?
• What is the government\'s policy on the education?
• Is the government involved in trading agreements such as the Bologna Agreement?
• The impact of employment laws
• The impact of environmental regulations
• Trade restrictions and tariffs
• Political stability (internally and externally
• Decision-making structures

Economic Factors

All businesses are affected by economical factors nationally and globally. Whether an economy is in a boom, recession or recovery will also affect consumer confidence and behaviour. The dramatic impact of reduced funds upon UCC is already very apparent. This will impact upon the nature of the competition faced by the university and particular units within the university, upon service provision, and upon the financial resources available within UCC. Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers, and the state of the internal/external economy in the short and long-term. The unit may need to consider:
• Economic growth
• Interest rates
• Inflation rate
• Budget allocation
• The level of inflation
• Employment level per capita
• Long-term prospects for the economy and the impact upon funding of third Level Education etc

Social/Sociological Factors

Social factors will include the demographic changes, trends in the way people live, work and think and cultural aspects of the macro environment. These factors affect customer needs and the size of potential markets (inside and outside of UCC).
• Population growth rate
• Age distribution
• Career attitudes
• Internal/external emphasis on safety
• Internal/external attitudes to change
• What is the stakeholder expectation of the unit?
• What is the perceived impact of the unit upon UCC and external stakeholders?
• How are views expressed?
• How does the unit respond to such views?

Technological Factors

New approaches to doing new and old things, and tackling new and old problems do not necessarily involve technical factors, however, technological factors are vital for competitive advantage, and are a major driver of change and efficiency. Technological; factors can for example lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels, and influence outsourcing decisions. New technology is changing the way business operates. The Internet is having a profound impact on the strategy of organisations. . Academics and administrative staff can now access UCC 24 hours a day comfortably from their homes. Expectations in relation to response times, for example, have altered dramatically. This technological revolution means a faster exchange of information beneficial for businesses as they can react quickly to changes within their operating environment. Those businesses, which are slow to react, will fall at the first few hurdles. What are the implications for the unit? Do we exploit the available technology to the advantage of the unit and UCC?
• Automation
• Technology incentives
• Rate of technological change
• Perception of technological change within the unit
• Stakeholder expectation
• Does technology allow for the services provided by the unit to be created cheaply and to a better standard of quality?
• Do the technologies offer users / stakeholders more innovative services from the unit?
• How is information / decision-making distribution changed by new technologies?
• Does technology offer the unit a new way to communicate within UCC and with external users / stakeholders?
• Does technology offer the unit an opportunity for CRM (Customer Relationship Management) etc?

It is also needed to take into consideration ‘Micro Environmental Factors’, those internal factors close to the unit that have a direct impact on the unit and UCC strategic planning. These will include:
• Customers: Organisations survive on the basis of meeting the needs, wants and providing benefits for their customers. Failure to do so will result in a failed business strategy.
• Employees: Employing the correct staff and keeping these staff motivated is an essential part of the strategic planning process of an organisation. Training and development plays an essential role particular in service sector marketing in-order to gain a competitive edge. This is clearly apparent in the airline industry.
• Suppliers: Increase in raw material prices will have a knock on affect on the marketing mix strategy of an organisation. Prices may be forced up as a result. Closer supplier relationships is one way of ensuring competitive and quality products for an organisation.
• Shareholders: Shareholder expectation and perception.
• Media: Positive or adverse media attention on an organisation’s product or service can in some cases make or break an organisation. Hence the need for a unit website etc.
• Competitors: Are there any internal competitors offering some of the services, information etc. provided by the unit?

The starting point would be to brainstorm an appropriate PEST checklist. The PEST checklist can be used to analyze which factors in the environment are helpful to the unit, and which may impede progress of the unit in achieving its aims. There is of course a danger, common to all checklists, that once an entry has been made under each of the headings it is deemed complete, regardless of whether or not the list reflects the complexity of the reality. Another common error in the implementation is that ‘boxes’ are completed without reference to the aims of the organisation or to the change programme; this can lead to considerable expenditure of time and energy for little benefit.

How to Write an Abstract

Abstract

Because on-line search databases typically contain only abstracts, it is vital to write a complete but concise description of your work to entice potential readers into obtaining a copy of the full paper. This article describes how to write a good computer architecture abstract for both conference and journal papers. Writers should follow a checklist consisting of: motivation, problem statement, approach, results, and conclusions. Following this checklist should increase the chance of people taking the time to obtain and read your complete paper.

Introduction

Now that the use of on-line publication databases is prevalent, writing a really good abstract has become even more important than it was a decade ago. Abstracts have always served the function of \"selling\" your work. But now, instead of merely convincing the reader to keep reading the rest of the attached paper, an abstract must convince the reader to leave the comfort of an office and go hunt down a copy of the article from a library (or worse, obtain one after a long wait through inter-library loan). In a business context, an \"executive summary\" is often the only piece of a report read by the people who matter; and it should be similar in content if not tone to a journal paper abstract.

Checklist: Parts of an Abstract

Despite the fact that an abstract is quite brief, it must do almost as much work as the multi-page paper that follows it. In a computer architecture paper, this means that it should in most cases include the following sections. Each section is typically a single sentence, although there is room for creativity. In particular, the parts may be merged or spread among a set of sentences. Use the following as a checklist for your next abstract:

• Motivation:
Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem isn\'t obviously \"interesting\" it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful.

• Problem statement:
What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important.

• Approach:
How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure?

• Results:
What\'s the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as \"very\", \"small\", or \"significant.\" If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand you don\'t have room for all the caveats.

• Conclusions:
What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a significant \"win\", be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case?

Other Considerations

An abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It can\'t assume (or attempt to provoke) the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague statement. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to consider include:

• Meet the word count limitation. If your abstract runs too long, either it will be rejected or someone will take a chainsaw to it to get it down to size. Your purposes will be better served by doing the difficult task of cutting yourself, rather than leaving it to someone else who might be more interested in meeting size restrictions than in representing your efforts in the best possible manner. An abstract word limit of 150 to 200 words is common.

• Any major restrictions or limitations on the results should be stated, if only by using \"weasel-words\" such as \"might\", \"could\", \"may\", and \"seem\".

• Think of a half-dozen search phrases and keywords that people looking for your work might use. Be sure that those exact phrases appear in your abstract, so that they will turn up at the top of a search result listing.

• Usually the context of a paper is set by the publication it appears in (for example, IEEE Computer magazine\'s articles are generally about computer technology). But, if your paper appears in a somewhat un-traditional venue, be sure to include in the problem statement the domain or topic area that it is really applicable to.

• Some publications request \"keywords\". These have two purposes. They are used to facilitate keyword index searches, which are greatly reduced in importance now that on-line abstract text searching is commonly used. However, they are also used to assign papers to review committees or editors, which can be extremely important to your fate. So make sure that the keywords you pick make assigning your paper to a review category obvious (for example, if there is a list of conference topics, use your chosen topic area as one of the keyword tuples).

Conclusion

Writing an efficient abstract is hard work, but will repay you with increased impact on the world by enticing people to read your publications. Make sure that all the components of a good abstract are included in the next one you write.

Further Reading

Michaelson, Herbert, How to Write & Publish Engineering Papers and Reports, Oryx Press, 1990. Chapter 6 discusses abstracts.

Cremmins, Edward, The Art of Abstracting 2nd Edition, Info Resources Press, April 1996. This is an entire book about abstracting, written primarily for professional abstractors.



How to write a literature review

 
What is a literature review?

The aim of a literature review is to show your reader (your tutor) that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field. This work may be in any format, including online sources. It may be a separate assignment, or one of the introductory sections of a report, dissertation or thesis. In the latter cases in particular, the review will be guided by your research objective or by the issue or thesis you are arguing and will provide the framework for your further work.

It is very important to note that your review should not be simply a description of what others have published in the form of a set of summaries, but should take the form of a critical discussion, showing insight and an awareness of differing arguments, theories and approaches. It should be a synthesis and analysis of the relevant published work, linked at all times to your own purpose and rationale.

According to Caulley (1992) of La Trobe University, the literature review should:

· compare and contrast different authors' views on an issue
· group authors who draw similar conclusions
· criticise aspects of methodology
· note areas in which authors are in disagreement
· highlight exemplary studies
· highlight gaps in research
· show how your study relates to previous studies
· show how your study relates to the literature in general
· conclude by summarising what the literature says

The purposes of the review are:

· to define and limit the problem you are working on
· to place your study in an historical perspective
· to avoid unnecessary duplication
· to evaluate promising research methods
· to relate your findings to previous knowledge and suggest further research

A good literature review, therefore, is critical of what has been written, identifies areas of controversy, raises questions and identifies areas which need further research.

Structure of the literature review

The overall structure of your review will depend largely on your own thesis or research area. What you will need to do is to group together and compare and contrast the varying opinions of different writers on certain topics. What you must not do is just describe what one writer says, and then go on to give a general overview of another writer, and then another, and so on. Your structure should be dictated instead by topic areas, controversial issues or by questions to which there are varying approaches and theories. Within each of these sections, you would then discuss what the different literature argues, remembering to link this to your own purpose.

Linking words are important. If you are grouping together writers with similar opinions, you would use words or phrases such as:

similarly, in addition, also, again

More importantly, if there is disagreement, you need to indicate clearly that you are aware of this by the use of linkers such as:

however, on the other hand, conversely, nevertheless

At the end of the review you should include a summary of what the literature implies, which again links to your hypothesis or main question.

Writing the review

You first need to decide what you need to read. In many cases you will be given a booklist or directed towards areas of useful published work. Make sure you use this help. With dissertations, and particularly theses, it will be more down to you to decide. It is important, therefore, to try and decide on the parameters of your research. What exactly are your objectives and what do you need to find out? In your review, are you looking at issues of theory, methodology, policy, quantitive research, or what? Before you start reading it may be useful to compile a list of the main areas and questions involved, and then read with the purpose of finding out about or answering these. Unless something comes up which is particularly important, stick to this list, as it is very easy to get sidetracked, particularly on the internet.

A good literature review needs a clear line of argument. You therefore need to use the critical notes and comments you made whilst doing your reading to express an academic opinion. Make sure that:

· you include a clear, short introduction which gives an outline of the review, including the main topics covered and the order of the arguments, with a brief rationale for this.

· there is always a clear link between your own arguments and the evidence uncovered in your reading. Include a short summary at the end of each section.
Use quotations if appropriate.

· you always acknowledge opinions which do not agree with your thesis. If you ignore opposing viewpoints, your argument will in fact be weaker.


Your review must be written in a formal, academic style. Keep your writing clear and concise, avoiding colloquialisms and personal language. You should always aim to be objective and respectful of others' opinions; this is not the place for emotive language or strong personal opinions. If you thought something was rubbish, use words such as "inconsistent", "lacking in certain areas" or "based on false assumptions"! (See Guide 1.21)

When introducing someone's opinion, don't use "says", but instead an appropriate verb which more accurately reflects this viewpoint, such as "argues", "claims" or "states". Use the present tense for general opinions and theories, or the past when referring to specific research or experiments:

Although Trescovick (2001) argues that attack is the best form of defence, Boycott (1969) claims that ...

In a field study carried out amongst the homeless of Sydney, Warne (1999) found that ...

And remember at all times to avoid plagiarising your sources. Always separate your source opinions from your own hypothesis. making sure you consistently reference the literature you are referring to. When you are doing your reading and making notes, it might be an idea to use different colours to distinguish between your ideas and those of others. (See Guide 1.13).

Final checklist

Here is a final checklist, courtesy of the University of Melbourne: (http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/postgrad/litreview/finalchecklist.html)

Selection of Sources

Have you indicated the purpose of the review?
- Are the parameters of the review reasonable?
- Why did you include some of the literature and exclude others?
- Which years did you exclude?
- Have you emphasised recent developments?
- Have you focussed on primary sources with only selective use of secondary sources?
- Is the literature you have selected relevant?
- Is your bibliographic data complete?

Critical Evaluation of the Literature

- Have you organised your material according to issues?
- Is there a logic to the way you organised the material?
- Does the amount of detail included on an issue relate to its importance?
- Have you been sufficiently critical of design and methodological issues?
- Have you indicated when results were conflicting or inconclusive and discussed possible reasons?
- Have you indicated the relevance of each reference to your research?

Interpretation

- Has your summary of the current literature contributed to the reader's understanding of the problems?
- Does the design of your research reflect the methodological implications of the literature review?

Note

- The literature review will be judged in the context of your completed research.
- The review needs to further the reader's understanding of the problem and whether it provides a rationale for your research.